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ÊÎÍÑÏÅÊÒÛ ËÅÊÖÈÉ, ØÏÀÐÃÀËÊÈ
Àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê äëÿ ìåäèêîâ. Pleura (êîíñïåêò ëåêöèé)
Ñïðàâî÷íèê / Êîíñïåêòû ëåêöèé, øïàðãàëêè Îãëàâëåíèå (ðàçâåðíóòü) ËÅÊÖÈß ¹ 33. Pleura Visceral pleura is a thin serous membrane that covers the outer surface of the lungs. A delicate connective tissue layer of collagen and elastin, containing lymphatic channels, vessels, and nerves, supports the membrane. Its surface is covered by simple squamous mesotheli-um with microvilli. Parietal pleura is that portion of the pleura that continues onto the inner aspect of the thoracic wall. It is continuous with the visceral pleura and is lined by the same mesothelium. Pleural cavity is a very narrow fluid-filled space that contains mo-nocytes located between the two pleural membranes. It contains no gases and becomes a true cavity only in disease (e. g., in pleural infection, fluid and pus may accumulate in the pleural space). If the chest wall is punctured, air may enter the pleural space (pneumothorax), breaking the vacuum, and allowing the lung to recoil. Parietal pleura lines the inner surface of the thoracic cavity; visceral pleura follows the contours of the lung itself. Pleural cavity: The pleural cavity is the space between the parietal and viscer al layers of the pleura. It is a sealed, blind space. The intro-duc tion of air into the pleural cavity may cause the lung to col lapse (pneumothorax). It normally contains a small amount of serous fluid elaborated by mesothelial cells of the pleural membrane. Pleural reflections are areas where the pleura changes direction from one wall to the other. The sternal line of reflection is where the costal pleura is con tinuous with the mediastinal pleura behind the sternum (from costal cartilages 2-4). The pleural margin then passes in-feriorly to the level of the sixth costal cartilage. The costal line of reflection is where the costal pleura becomes continuous with the diaphragmatic pleura from rib 8 in the midclavicular line, to rib 10 in the midaxillary line, and to rib 12 lateral to the vertebral column. Pleural recesses are potential spaces not occupied by lung tissue except during deep inspiration. Costodiaphragmatic recesses are spaces below the inferior borders of the lungs where costal and diaphragmatic pleura are in contact. Costomediastinal recess is a space where the left costal and mediastinal parietal pleura meet, leaving a space due to the cardiac notch of the left lung. This space is occupied by the lingula of the left lung during inspiration. In nervation of the parietal pleura: The costal and peripheral portions of the diaphragmatic pleu ra are supplied by intercostal nerves. The central portion of the diaphragmatic pleura and the medi asti-nal pleura are supplied by the phrenic nerve. New words visceral - âèñöåðàëüíûé pleura - ïëåâðà delicate - òîíêèé collagen - êîëëàãåí elastin - ýëàñòèí containing - ñîäåðæàíèå lymphatic channels - ëèìôàòè÷åñêèå ñîñóäû nerves - íåðâû to support - ïîääåðæèâàòü covered - ïîêðûòûé squamous - ÷åøóé÷àòûé microvilli - ìèêðîâîðñèíêè parietal pleura - ïàðèåòàëüíàÿ ïëåâðà onto aspect - â àñïåêòå visceral pleura - âèñöåðàëüíàÿ ïëåâðà inspiration - âäîõíîâåíèå costal - ðåáåðíûé Ñòåïåíè ñðàâíåíèÿ ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ Òàáëèöà 4.
Îñîáûå ñëó÷àè îáðàçîâàíèÿ ñòåïåíåé ñðàâíåíèÿ Òàáëèöà 5.
Îáðàçóéòå ñðàâíèòåëüíóþ è ïðåâîñõîäíóþ ñòåïåíü ñëåäóþùèõ ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ. Íå çàáóäüòå óïîòðåáëÿòü îïðåäåëåííûé àðòèêëü ïåðåä ïðåâîñõîäíîé ñòåïåíüþ ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ. Hot, long, short, clever, silly, great, red, black, white, thin, thick, fat, nice, warm, cold, merry small, tall, high, weak, strong, heavy, light, green, dry, clean, dirty, wide, deep, brave. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê. Ñòàðûé, ñòàðøå, ñàìûé ñòàðûé, ñàìûé ñòàðøèé, ìîé ñòàðøèé áðàò, ìîé ñòàðûé äðóã, äàëüøå, ñàìûé äàëüíèé, ñàìûé äëèííûé, êîðî÷å, ñ÷àñòëèâûé, ñ÷àñòëèâåå, ñàìûé ñ÷àñòëèâûé, ñàìûé ëó÷øèé, ñàìûé ÷åðíûé, äëèííåå, õóæå, ëó÷øå, òåïëåå, åå ëó÷øèé äðóã, åå ìëàäøèé ñûí, åãî ñòàðøèé ñûí. Answer the questions. 1. What is visceral pleura? 2. Is visceral pleura a thin serous membrane or not? 3. What contains lymphatic channels, vessels, and nerves? 4. What covers delicate connective tissue layer? 5. Which portion of the pleura is parietal pleura? 6. What kind of space is pleural cavity? 7. What do pleural cavity contain? 8. In which way air may enter the pleural space? 9. What do normally contain a small amount of serous fluid? 10. What is supplied by intercostal nerves? Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences). Find the verb to be in the text. Explain why it is used in such a way? Àâòîð: Åëåíà Áåëèêîâà << Íàçàä: Respiratory bronchioles >> Âïåðåä: Nasal cavities
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