Menu Home

Áåñïëàòíàÿ òåõíè÷åñêàÿ áèáëèîòåêà äëÿ ëþáèòåëåé è ïðîôåññèîíàëîâ Áåñïëàòíàÿ òåõíè÷åñêàÿ áèáëèîòåêà


Àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê äëÿ ìåäèêîâ. Muscles (êîíñïåêò ëåêöèé)

Êîíñïåêòû ëåêöèé, øïàðãàëêè

Ñïðàâî÷íèê / Êîíñïåêòû ëåêöèé, øïàðãàëêè

Êîììåíòàðèè ê ñòàòüå Êîììåíòàðèè ê ñòàòüå

Îãëàâëåíèå (ðàçâåðíóòü)

ËÅÊÖÈß ¹ 10. Muscles

Muscles are the active part of the motor apparatus; their contraction produces various movements.

The muscles may be divided from a physiological standpoint into two classes: the voluntary muscles, which are under the control of the will, and the involuntary muscles, which are not.

All muscular tissues are controlled by the nervous system. The involuntary muscles are controlled by a specialized part of the nervous system.

When muscular tissue is examined under the microscope, it is seen to be made up of small, elongated threadlike cells, which arc called muscle fibres, and which are bound into bundles by connective tissue.

There are three varieties of muscle fibres:

1) striated muscle fibres, which occur in voluntary muscles;

2) unstriated muscles which bring about movements in the internal organs;

3) cardiac or heart fibres, which are striated like (1), but are otherwise different. Both unstriated and cardiac muscles are involuntary. All living cells can move to some degree, but this ability is highly developed in muscles. Muscle tissue comprises about 40% of human weight. Muscle consists of threads, or muscle fibers, supported by connective tissue, which act by fiber contraction: the fibers can shorten to two - thirds of their resting length. There are two types of muscles smooth and striated. Smooth, or "involuntary" muscles are found in the walls of all the hollow organs and tubes of the body, such as blood vessels and intestines. These react slowly to stimuli from the autono-mic nervous system. The striated, or "voluntary" muscles of the body mostly attach to the bones and move the skeleton. Under the microscope their fibres have a cross - striped appearance. Striated muscle is capable of fast contractions. The heart wall is made up of special type of striated muscle fibres called cardiac muscle. Muscles vary greatly in structure and function in different organs and animals: some invertebrates have only smooth muscles, while all the arthropods have only striated muscles. The body is composed of about 600 skeletal muscles. In the adult about 35-40% of the body weight is formed by the muscles. According to the basic part of the skeleton all the muscles are divided into the muscles of the trunk, head and extremities.

According to the form all the muscles are traditionally divided into three basic groups: long, short and wide muscles. Long muscles compose the free parts of the extremities. The wide muscles form the walls of the body cavities. Some short muscles, of which stapedus is the smallest muscle in the human body, form facial musculature.

Some muscles are called according to the structure of their fibres, for example radiated muscles; others according to their uses, for example extensors or according to their directions, for example, - oblique. The muscles are formed by a mass of muscle cells. The muscle fibres are connected together by connective tissue. There are many blood vessels and nerves in the muscles.

Great research work was carried out by many scientists to determine the functions of the muscles. Three basic methods of study were used: experimental work on animals, the study of the muscles on a living human body and on the cadavers. Their work helped to establish that the muscles were the active agents of motion and contraction.

New words

muscles - ìûøöû

active - àêòèâíûé

part - ÷àñòü

motor apparatus - äâèãàòåëüíûé àïïàðàò

various - ðàçëè÷íûé

movement - äâèæåíèå

elongated - óäëèíåííûé

threadlike - íèòåâèäíûé

to be bound - áûòü ñâÿçàííûì

some - íåêîòîðûé

degree - ñòåïåíü

this - ýòîò

ability - âîçìîæíîñòü

capable - ñïîñîáíîñòü

scientist - ó÷åíûé

basic - îñíîâíîé

experimental - ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûé

work - ðàáîòà

Çàïîìíèòå çàñòûâøèå ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ.

In the morning. In the evening to come home.

In the afternoon. At night to leave home for work (school).

To go to bed. to go to school at half past five.

To go to work, to go home at a quarter past five.

Âñòàâüòå àðòèêëü, ãäå íåîáõîäèìî.

1. My... friend has to get up early in... morn ing because he goes to... school.

2. That's why he usually goes to... bed early in... evening.

3... weather was very bad in... morning yesterday.

4... sky was grey and it was raining.

5. But in... middle of... day... weather began to change.

6... rain stopped and... sun appeared from behind... clouds.

7. In... afternoon it was very warm.

8. I did not want to stay at... home and went into... yard.

9. There were... boys and... girls in... yard.

10. We played in... yard till late in... evening.

11. When I came... home, I drank... tea, ate... sandwich and went to... bed at once.

12. I slept very well at... night.

13. My brother is... pupil. He goes to... school. He goes to... school in... morning. He has five or six... lessons every day. In... afternoon he goes home. At... home he does his... homework.

14. In... evening he reads... books. He usually goes to... bed at... half past ten. At... night he sleeps.

15. My father goes to... work in... morning and comes... home in... evening.

16. I get up at... half past seven in... morning and go to... bed at... quater to eleven in... evening.

17. When does your mother leave... home for... work?

18. She leaves... home for... work at... quarter past eight.

19. When do you leave... home for... school?

20. I leave... home for... school at... half past... eight.

Answer the questions.

1. What are the muscles?

2. What contraction produces various movements?

3. What may the muscles be divided from?

4. What does the nervous system control?

5. What does the muscular tissue consist of?

6. How many varieties of muscle fibres are there?

7. How many per cents does muscle tissue comprise?

8. For how many groups are all the muscles traditionally divided?

9. How sometimes are muscles called?

10. What does connective tissue connect?

Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences).

Find the definite and indefinite articles in the text.

Find one word, which is a little bit different in meaning from others (íàéäèòå îäíî ñëîâî, êîòîðîå íåìíîãî îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò äðóãèõ ïî ñìûñëó):

1) a) work; b) job; c) rest;

2) a) class; b) student; c) sea;

3) a) home; b) house; c) garage;

4) a) lift; b) down; c) rise;

5) a) white; b) pink; c) scarlet.

Àâòîð: Åëåíà Áåëèêîâà

<< Íàçàä: Skeleton

>> Âïåðåä: Bones

Ðåêîìåíäóåì èíòåðåñíûå ñòàòüè ðàçäåëà Êîíñïåêòû ëåêöèé, øïàðãàëêè:

Êîíôëèêòîëîãèÿ. Øïàðãàëêà

Îáùèå îñíîâû ïåäàãîãèêè. Êîíñïåêò ëåêöèé

Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûå è ìóíèöèïàëüíûå ôèíàíñû. Øïàðãàëêà

Ñìîòðèòå äðóãèå ñòàòüè ðàçäåëà Êîíñïåêòû ëåêöèé, øïàðãàëêè.

×èòàéòå è ïèøèòå ïîëåçíûå êîììåíòàðèè ê ýòîé ñòàòüå.

<< Íàçàä

Ïîñëåäíèå íîâîñòè íàóêè è òåõíèêè, íîâèíêè ýëåêòðîíèêè:

Ëàáîðàòîðíàÿ ìîäåëü ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèÿ çåìëåòðÿñåíèé 30.11.2025

Ïðåäñêàçàíèå çåìëåòðÿñåíèé îñòàåòñÿ îäíîé èç ñàìûõ ñëîæíûõ çàäà÷ ãåîôèçèêè. Íåñìîòðÿ íà ðàçâèòèå ñåéñìîëîãèè, ó÷åíûå âñå åùå íå ìîãóò òî÷íî îïðåäåëèòü ìîìåíò íà÷àëà ðàçðóøèòåëüíîãî äâèæåíèÿ ðàçëîìîâ. Íåäàâíèå ýêñïåðèìåíòû àìåðèêàíñêèõ èññëåäîâàòåëåé îòêðûâàþò íîâûå ãîðèçîíòû: âïåðâûå óäàëîñü íàáëþäàòü ìèêðîñêîïè÷åñêèå èçìåíåíèÿ â êîíòàêòíîé çîíå ðàçëîìîâ, êîòîðûå ïðåäøåñòâóþò çåìëåòðÿñåíèþ. Ãðóïïà ïîä ðóêîâîäñòâîì Ñèëüâåíà Áàðáîòà îáíàðóæèëà, ÷òî "ðåàëüíàÿ ïëîùàäü êîíòàêòà" - ó÷àñòêè, ãäå ïîâåðõíîñòè ðàçëîìà äåéñòâèòåëüíî ñîïðèêàñàþòñÿ - èçìåíÿåòñÿ çà ìèëëèñåêóíäû äî âûñâîáîæäåíèÿ íàêîïëåííîé ýíåðãèè. "Ìû îòêðûëè îêíî â ñåðäöå ìåõàíèêè çåìëåòðÿñåíèé", - îòìå÷àåò Áàðáîò. Ýòè èçìåíåíèÿ ïîçâîëÿþò ôèêñèðîâàòü ýòàïû çàðîæäåíèÿ ñåéñìè÷åñêîãî ñîáûòèÿ åùå äî ïîÿâëåíèÿ òðàäèöèîííûõ ñåéñìè÷åñêèõ âîëí. Äëÿ íàáëþäåíèé ó÷åíûå èñïîëüçîâàëè ïðîçðà÷íûå àêðèëîâûå ìàòåðèàëû, ÷åðåç êîòîðûå ìîæíî áûëî îòñëåæèâàòü ñâåòîâûå èçìåíåíèÿ â çîíå êîíòàêòà.  õîäå èñêóññòâåííîãî ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ ïðèìåðíî 30% êî ...>>

Ìóçûêà êàê åñòåñòâåííûé àíàëüãåòèê 30.11.2025

Ó÷åíûå âñå àêòèâíåå èññëåäóþò íåìåäèêàìåíòîçíûå ñïîñîáû îáëåã÷åíèÿ áîëè. Îäíèì èç ïåðñïåêòèâíûõ íàïðàâëåíèé ñòàíîâèòñÿ èñïîëüçîâàíèå ìóçûêè, êîòîðàÿ ñïîñîáíà âîçäåéñòâîâàòü íà ýìîöèîíàëüíîå ñîñòîÿíèå è êîãíèòèâíîå âîñïðèÿòèå áîëè. Íîâîå èññëåäîâàíèå ìåæäóíàðîäíîé ãðóïïû ñïåöèàëèñòîâ äåìîíñòðèðóåò, ÷òî äàæå êðàòêîâðåìåííîå ïðîñëóøèâàíèå ëþáèìûõ êîìïîçèöèé ìîæåò çíà÷èòåëüíî ñíèæàòü áîëåâûå îùóùåíèÿ ó ïàöèåíòîâ ñ îñòðîé áîëüþ â ñïèíå.  ýêñïåðèìåíòå ó÷àñòâîâàëè ïàöèåíòû, îáðàòèâøèåñÿ çà ïîìîùüþ â îòäåëåíèå íåîòëîæíîé ïîìîùè ñ âûðàæåííîé áîëüþ â ñïèíå. Èì ïðåäëàãàëîñü íà ïðîòÿæåíèè äåñÿòè ìèíóò ñëóøàòü ñâîè ëþáèìûå ìóçûêàëüíûå òðåêè. Óæå ïîñëå ýòîé êîðîòêîé ñåññèè âðà÷è ôèêñèðîâàëè çàìåòíîå óìåíüøåíèå èíòåíñèâíîñòè áîëè êàê â ñîñòîÿíèè ïîêîÿ, òàê è ïðè äâèæåíèÿõ. Àâòîðû èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîä÷åðêèâàþò, ÷òî ìóçûêà íå óñòðàíÿåò ñàìó ïðè÷èíó áîëè. Òåì íå ìåíåå, îíà âîçäåéñòâóåò íà ýìîöèîíàëüíûé ôîí ïàöèåíòà, ñíèæàåò óðîâåíü òðåâîæíîñòè è îòâëåêàåò âíèìàíèå, ÷òî â ñóììå ïðèâîäèò ê ñóáúåêòèâíîì ...>>

Àëêîãîëü ìîæåò ïðèâåñòè ê ñëîáîóìèþ 29.11.2025

Ïðîáëåìà âëèÿíèÿ àëêîãîëÿ íà ñòàðåþùèé ìîçã äàâíî âûçûâàåò èíòåðåñ êàê ó âðà÷åé, òàê è ó èññëåäîâàòåëåé êîãíèòèâíîãî ñòàðåíèÿ.  ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû ñòàëî î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî ãðàíèöû "áåçîïàñíîãî" óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ñïèðòíîãî ðàçìûâàþòñÿ, è íîâîå êðóïíîå èññëåäîâàíèå, ïðîâåäåííîå ìåæäóíàðîäíîé ãðóïïîé ó÷åíûõ, âíîâü óêàçûâàåò íà ýòî. Ðàáîòû Îêñôîðäñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà, âûïîëíåííûå ñîâìåñòíî ñ èññëåäîâàòåëÿìè èç Éåëüñêîãî è Êåìáðèäæñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòîâ, ïîêàçûâàþò: äàæå íåáîëüøèå äîçû àëêîãîëÿ ñïîñîáíû óñêîðÿòü êîãíèòèâíûé ñïàä. Êîìàíäà ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàëà äàííûå áîëåå ÷åì 500 òûñÿ÷ ó÷àñòíèêîâ èç áðèòàíñêîãî áèîáàíêà è àìåðèêàíñêîé Ïðîãðàììû ìèëëèîíîâ âåòåðàíîâ. Äîïîëíèòåëüíî áûë âûïîëíåí ìåòààíàëèç ñîðîêà ïÿòè èññëåäîâàíèé, â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè âêëþ÷àâøèõ ñâåäåíèÿ î 2,4 ìèëëèîíà ÷åëîâåê. Òàêîé ìàñøòàá ïîçâîëèë îöåíèòü íå òîëüêî ïðÿìóþ ñâÿçü ìåæäó óïîòðåáëåíèåì ñïèðòíîãî è ðàçâèòèåì äåìåíöèè, íî è âëèÿíèå ãåíåòè÷åñêîé ïðåäðàñïîëîæåííîñòè. Îäèí èç íàèáîëåå òðåâîæíûõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ êàñàåòñÿ ëþäåé ñ ïîâûøåííûì ãå ...>>

Ñëó÷àéíàÿ íîâîñòü èç Àðõèâà

Ñîëíå÷íàÿ îñòàíîâêà 05.08.2001

Íà êðûøå ïàâèëüîí÷èêà îäíîé èç àâòîáóñíûõ îñòàíîâîê âî ôðàíöóçñêîì ãîðîäêå Ëèôðå óñòàíîâèëè ñîëíå÷íóþ áàòàðåþ.

Çà äåíü îíà íàêàïëèâàåò ýíåðãèþ, âå÷åðîì ðåëå âðåìåíè âêëþ÷àåò äåæóðíóþ ëàìïî÷êó, à îñíîâíàÿ ëàìïà çàæèãàåòñÿ, òîëüêî åñëè äàò÷èê ïî÷óâñòâóåò ïðèñóòñòâèå õîòÿ áû îäíîãî ïàññàæèðà ïîä íàâåñîì. Ïîäâåñòè ê îñòàíîâêå êàáåëü ýëåêòðè÷åñêîé ñåòè îáîøëîñü áû äîðîæå.

Äðóãèå èíòåðåñíûå íîâîñòè:

▪ Èñêóññòâåííàÿ ñåò÷àòêà ãëàçà íà îðãàíè÷åñêèõ ÷èïàõ

▪ Ðàñêðûòà ñâÿçü ìåæäó ãîëîäîì è íàñòðîåíèåì

▪ Øòàò Êàëèôîðíèÿ ïîëíîñòüþ ïåðåéäåò íà âîçîáíîâëÿåìûå èñòî÷íèêè ýíåðãèè

▪ Íîâàÿ ôîðìà ëàáîðàòîðíîãî ìÿñà

▪ Óñòðàíåíèå ïðè÷èíû âîçãîðàíèÿ àêêóìóëÿòîðîâ

Ëåíòà íîâîñòåé íàóêè è òåõíèêè, íîâèíîê ýëåêòðîíèêè

 

Èíòåðåñíûå ìàòåðèàëû Áåñïëàòíîé òåõíè÷åñêîé áèáëèîòåêè:

▪ ðàçäåë ñàéòà Ýëåêòðè÷åñêèå ñ÷åò÷èêè. Ïîäáîðêà ñòàòåé

▪ ñòàòüÿ Ìåæäóíàðîäíûå ñòàíäàðòû ôèíàíñîâîé îò÷åòíîñòè. Øïàðãàëêà

▪ ñòàòüÿ ×òî òàêîå óðàãàí? Ïîäðîáíûé îòâåò

▪ ñòàòüÿ Íåñ÷àñòíûé ñëó÷àé íà âîäå. Ìåäèöèíñêàÿ ïîìîùü

▪ ñòàòüÿ Ìîäèôèöèðîâàííàÿ àíòåííà Ïòè÷üÿ êëåòêà. Ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ ðàäèîýëåêòðîíèêè è ýëåêòðîòåõíèêè

▪ ñòàòüÿ Ïî ùó÷üåìó âåëåíüþ, ïî âàøåìó õîòåíüþ. Ñåêðåò ôîêóñà

Îñòàâüòå ñâîé êîììåíòàðèé ê ýòîé ñòàòüå:

Èìÿ:


E-mail (íå îáÿçàòåëüíî):


Êîììåíòàðèé:





Ãëàâíàÿ ñòðàíèöà | Áèáëèîòåêà | Ñòàòüè | Êàðòà ñàéòà | Îòçûâû î ñàéòå

www.diagram.com.ua

www.diagram.com.ua
2000-2025