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ÊÎÍÑÏÅÊÒÛ ËÅÊÖÈÉ, ØÏÀÐÃÀËÊÈ
Àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê äëÿ ìåäèêîâ. Cell (êîíñïåêò ëåêöèé) Ñïðàâî÷íèê / Êîíñïåêòû ëåêöèé, øïàðãàëêè Îãëàâëåíèå (ðàçâåðíóòü) ËÅÊÖÈß ¹ 1. Cell The cell is a smallest independent unit in the body containing all the essential properties of life. types of human cells can be grown in test tubes after beeing taken from the body. Cells which are functionally organized are often grouped together and operate in concert as a tissue, such as muscle tissue or nervous tissue. Various tissues may be arranged together to form a unit called organ as the kidney, liver, heart or lungs. Organs often function in groups called organ systems. Thus the esophagus, stomach, ðànñreàs, liver and intestines constitute the digestive system. Cells are characterized Üóã high degree of complexity and order in both structure and function. The cell contains a number. Of structures called cell organelles. These are responsible for carrying out the specialized biochemical reactions characterizing each. The many chemical reactions taking place in a cell require the establishment of varied chemical microenvironment. Carefully controlled transport mechanisms along with highly effective barriers - the cell membranes - ensure that chemicals are present in the proper region of the call in appropriate concentration. The cell membranes of a mixture of protein and lipid form its surroundings. Membranes are an essential component of almost all cells organel-les. The membrane allows only certain molecules to pass through it. The most visible and essential organelle in a cell is the nucleus, containing genetic material and regulating the activities of the entire cell. The area outside of the molecules is called the cytoplasm. Cytoplasm contains a variety of organelles that have different functions. New words cell - êëåòêà independent - íåçàâèñèìûé unit - åäèíèöà body - òåëî all - âñå life - æèçíü human - ÷åëîâå÷åñêèé together - âìåñòå tissue - òêàíü organ systems - ñèñòåìû îðãàíîâ to function - ôóíêöèîíèðîâàòü to contain - ñîäåðæàòü membranes - ìåìáðàíû protein - ïðîòåèí nucleus - ÿäðî cytoplasm - öèòîïëàçì different - ðàçëè÷íûé Ñïðÿæåíèå ãëàãîëà to be â Present Simple. To be - áûòü, íàõîäèòüñÿ, ÿâëÿòüñÿ. Ïîñëå ñëåäóþùèõ ìåñòîèìåíèé îí ìåíÿåò ñâîþ ôîðìó. Ñïðÿæåíèå ãëàãîëà to be â Present Simple Òàáëèöà 1 For example. 1. I am a pupil. I am not a pupil. Am I a pupil? 2. She is a girl. She is not a girl. Is she a girl? 3. You are a good friend. You are not a good friend. Are you a good friend? Ïîñòàâüòå ãëàãîë to be â ïðàâèëüíóþ ôîðìó, çàïîëíèâ ïðîïóñêè. 1. I... a pupil. 2. My father. not a teacher, he... a scientist. 3.. your sister a teacher? 4. Mary. a painter. 5.. they at home? 6. My father. a worker. 7. She. at work. 8.. you a doctor? 9. He... a pilot. 10. We... students. 11. They... carpenters. 12... they at home? 13. they... not at home. 14. He... at work. 15... your sister a typist? 16... your brother at school? 17... your sister in the cabinet? 18. My sister... at home. 19... this your cat? 20. She... an actress. 21. This... my bag. 22. He... professor. 23. Helen... a singer. 24... you an engineer? 25. He... Russian. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, óïîòðåáëÿÿ ãëàãîë to be â Present Simple. 1. ß ó÷åíèê. ß â øêîëå. 2. Ìîé áðàò õóäîæíèê. Îí íå èíæåíåð. 3. Ìîÿ ñåñòðà íà ðàáîòå. Îíà âðà÷. 4. Îí ñòóäåíò, à íå ó÷èòåëü. 5. Âû ñòóäåíò? - Íåò, ÿ ó÷åíèê. 6. Ìîÿ ñåñòðà äîìà. Îíà áîëüíà. 7. Ìû íå â øêîëå. Ìû äîìà. 8. Ìîé áðàò ó÷åíèê. Îí â øêîëå. 9. Âàøà ìàìà äîìà? - Íåò, îíà íà ðàáîòå. 10. Âàø äâîþðîäíûé áðàò äîìà? - Íåò, îí â øêîëå. 11. Òâîÿ ñåñòðà çäîðîâà ñåé÷àñ? - Äà, îíà çäîðîâà. 12. Âàøà ñåñòðà ó÷èòåëüíèöà? - Íåò, îíà ñòóäåíòêà. 13. Òâîé ïàïà íà ðàáîòå? Íåò, îí íà äà÷å. 14. Òâîÿ ñåñòðà ìàøèíèñòêà? - Äà. Îíà ìàøèíèñòêà. 15. Ìîé äåäóøêà íå ó÷åíûé, îí ãåîëîã. 16. Ìîÿ ìàìà íå ó÷èòåëüíèöà. Îíà âðà÷. 17. ×üÿ ýòî ðó÷êà? - Ýòî ìîÿ ðó÷êà. 18. ×üÿ ýòî êíèãà? - Ýòî âàøà êíèãà. 19. ×åé ýòî ñòîë? - Ýòî ñòîë ìîåãî áðàòà. 20. ×üÿ ýòî ñóìêà? - Ýòî ñóìêà ìîåé ìàìû. 21. ×åé ýòî êàðàíäàø? - Ýòî êàðàíäàø ìîåé ñåñòðû. 22. Ýòî òâîÿ òåòðàäü? - Äà, ýòî ìîÿ òåòðàäü. 23. Ýòî òåòðàäü òâîåãî áðàòà? - Íåò, ýòî ìîÿ. 24. Ãäå âàø ñòîë? - Îí ïîñåðåäèíå êîìíàòû. 25. Ãäå òâîÿ ðó÷êà? - Îíà â ìîåì êàðìàíå. 26. Ãäå òâîÿ òåòðàäü? - Îíà íà ñòîëå. Answer the questions. 1. What is the cell consists of? 2. What is a membrane? 3. Is cell the smallest independent unit of the body? 4. What can be grown in test - tubes? 5. What can various tissues form, when they are together? 6. What are the organ system consist of? 7. What are cell characterized by? 8. What are cell organelles? 9. What ate membranes? 10. What is the cytoplasm? Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences). Find the verb to be in the text. Explain why it is used in such a way? Find one word, which is a little bit different in meaning from others (íàéäèòå îäíî ñëîâî, êîòîðîå íåìíîãî îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò äðóãèõ ïî ñìûñëó): 1) a) cell; b) body; c) flower; 2) a) life; b) plate; c) people; 3) a) test-tube; b) microscope; c) pen; 4) a) curtain; b) body; c) tissue; 5) a) spoon; b) kidney; c) liver. Àâòîð: Åëåíà Áåëèêîâà << Íàçàä: History of medicine >> Âïåðåä: Tissue
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