Áåñïëàòíàÿ òåõíè÷åñêàÿ áèáëèîòåêà
Òàáëèöà áûñòðîãî ïåðåâîäà dBm â âîëüòû è âàòòû íà íàãðóçêå 50 Îì. Ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ ðàäèîýëåêòðîíèêè è ýëåêòðîòåõíèêè
Ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ ðàäèîýëåêòðîíèêè è ýëåêòðîòåõíèêè / Èçìåðèòåëüíàÿ òåõíèêà
Êîììåíòàðèè ê ñòàòüå
Îíà áóäåò ïîëåçíà ìíîãèì ðàäèîëþáèòåëÿì â êà÷åñòâå íàñòîëüíîãî ëèñòà, îñîáåííî òåì, êòî çàíèìàåòñÿ êîíñòðóèðîâàíèåì, íàñòðîéêîé è èçìåðåíèåì ïàðàìåòðîâ ðàäèîïðèåìíîé òåõíèêè. Ïîäîáíûå òàáëèöû óæå ïå÷àòàëèñü â ðàçëè÷íîé ëèòåðàòóðå, íî áûëà ñäåëàíà ïîïûòêà îáîáùèòü è ðàçìåñòèòü âñå íà îäíîì ëèñòå. ß è ìíîãèå ìîè çíàêîìûå ðàñïå÷àòàâ íà ïðèíòåðå ýòó òàáëèöó, óáåäèëèñü â åå ïîëüçå.
| dBm |
V |
W |
dBm |
V |
W |
dBm |
V |
W |
dBm |
V |
W |
S metr HF dBm m V VHF dBm nV |
| +60 |
224 |
1000 |
0 |
224 -3 |
1 -3 |
-60 |
224 -6 |
1 -9 |
-120 |
224 -9 |
1.0 -15 |
1 -121 0.19 -141 19.9 |
| +59 |
199 |
794 |
-1 |
199 -3 |
794 -6 |
-61 |
199 -6 |
794 -12 |
-121 |
199 -9 |
794 -18 |
2 -115 0.4 -135 39.8 |
| +58 |
178 |
631 |
-2 |
178 -3 |
631 -6 |
-62 |
178 -6 |
631 -12 |
-122 |
178 -9 |
631 -18 |
3 -109 0.79 -129 79.3 |
| +57 |
158 |
501 |
-3 |
158 -3 |
501 -6 |
-63 |
158 -6 |
501 -12 |
-123 |
158 -9 |
501 -18 |
4 -103 1.58 -123 158 |
| +56 |
141 |
398 |
-4 |
141 -3 |
398 -6 |
-64 |
141 -6 |
398 -12 |
-124 |
141 -9 |
398 -18 |
5 -97 3.16 -117 320 |
| +55 |
126 |
316 |
-5 |
126 -3 |
316 -6 |
-65 |
126 -6 |
316 -12 |
-125 |
126 -9 |
316 -18 |
6 -91 6.3 -111 630 |
| +54 |
112 |
251 |
-6 |
112 -3 |
251 -6 |
-66 |
112 -6 |
251 -12 |
-126 |
112 -9 |
251 -18 |
7 -85 12.6 -105 1260 |
| +53 |
99.9 |
200 |
-7 |
99.9 -3 |
200 -6 |
-67 |
99.9 -6 |
200 -12 |
-127 |
99.9 -9 |
200 -18 |
8 -79 25.1 -99 2510 |
| +52 |
89.0 |
159 |
-8 |
89.0 -3 |
159 -6 |
-68 |
89.0 -6 |
159 -12 |
-128 |
89.0 -9 |
159 -18 |
9 -73 50.0 -93 5000 |
| +51 |
79.3 |
126 |
-9 |
79.3 -3 |
126 -6 |
-69 |
79.3 -6 |
126 -12 |
-129 |
79.3 -9 |
126 -18 |
ìê è í íà 50 Îì |
| +50 |
70.7 |
100 |
-10 |
70.7 -3 |
100 -6 |
-70 |
70.7 -6 |
100 -12 |
-130 |
70.7 -9 |
100 -18 |
|
| +49 |
63.0 |
79.4 |
-11 |
63.0 -3 |
79.4 -6 |
-71 |
63.0 -6 |
79.4 -12 |
-131 |
63.0 -9 |
79.4 -18 |
|
| +48 |
56.2 |
63.1 |
-12 |
56.2 -3 |
63.1 -6 |
-72 |
56.2 -6 |
63.1 -12 |
-132 |
56.2 -9 |
63.1 -18 |
50.0 -6 = 50.0 x 10 -6 |
| +47 |
50.0 |
50.1 |
-13 |
50.0 -3 |
50.1 -6 |
-73 |
50.0 -6 |
50.1 -12 |
-133 |
50.0 -9 |
|
| +46 |
44.6 |
39.8 |
-14 |
44.6 -3 |
39.8 -6 |
-74 |
44.6 -6 |
39.8 -12 |
-134 |
44.6 -9 |
39.8 -18 |
|
| +45 |
39.8 |
31.6 |
-15 |
39.8 -3 |
31.6 -6 |
-75 |
39.8 -6 |
31.6 -12 |
-135 |
39.8 -9 |
31.6 -18 |
|
| +44 |
35.4 |
25.1 |
-16 |
35.4 -3 |
25.1 -6 |
-76 |
35.4 -6 |
25.1 -12 |
-136 |
35.4 -9 |
25.1 -18 |
-3 ìèëëè |
| +43 |
31.6 |
20.0 |
-17 |
31.6 -3 |
20.0 -6 |
-77 |
31.6 -6 |
20 -12 |
-137 |
31.6 -9 |
20.0 -18 |
-6 ìèêðî |
| +42 |
28.2 |
15.9 |
-18 |
28.2 -3 |
15.9 -6 |
-78 |
28.2 -6 |
15.9 -12 |
-138 |
28.2 -9 |
15.9 -18 |
-9 íàíî |
| +41 |
25.1 |
12.6 |
-19 |
25.1 -3 |
12.6 -6 |
-79 |
25.1 -6 |
12.6 -12 |
-139 |
25.1 -9 |
12.6 -18 |
-12 ïèêî |
| +40 |
22.4 |
10.0 |
-20 |
22.4 -3 |
10.0 50.1 -18 |
|
| -80 |
22.4 -6 |
10 -12 |
-140 |
22.4 -9 |
10.0 -18 |
-15 ôåìòî |
| +39 |
19.9 |
7.94 |
-21 |
19.9 -3 |
7.94 -6 |
-81 |
19.9 -6 |
7.94 -12 |
-141 |
19.9 -9 |
7.94 -18 |
-18 àòòî |
| +38 |
17.8 |
6.31 |
-22 |
17.8 -3 |
6.31 -6 |
-82 |
17.8 -6 |
6.31 -12 |
-142 |
17.8 -9 |
6.31 -18 |
|
| +37 |
15.8 |
5.01 |
-23 |
15.8 -3 |
5.01 -6 |
-83 |
15.8 -6 |
5.01 -12 |
-143 |
15.8 -9 |
5.01 -18 |
ïðåäåë ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè |
| +36 |
14.1 |
3.98 |
-24 |
14.1 -3 |
3.98 -6 |
-84 |
14.1 -6 |
3.98 -12 |
-144 |
14.1 -9 |
3.98 -18 |
ïîëîñà 500 ãö - 147dBm |
| +35 |
12.6 |
3.16 |
-25 |
12.6 -3 |
3.16 -6 |
-85 |
12.6 -6 |
3.16 -12 |
-145 |
12.6 -9 |
3.16 -18 |
ïîëîñà 2500ãö -140dBm |
| +34 |
11.2 |
2.51 |
-26 |
11.2 -3 |
2.51 -6 |
-86 |
11.2 -6 |
2.51 -12 |
-146 |
11.2 -9 |
2.51 -18 |
ñ/ø=0 dB |
| +33 |
9.99 |
1.99 |
-27 |
9.99 -3 |
1.99 -6 |
-87 |
9.99 -6 |
1.99 -12 |
-147 |
9.99 -9 |
1.99 -18 |
|
| +32 |
8.90 |
1.58 |
-28 |
8.9 -3 |
1.58 -6 |
-88 |
8.9 -6 |
1.58 -12 |
-148 |
8.9 -9 |
1.58 -18 |
RX ïðè 2500ãö ñ/ø 10 dB |
| +31 |
7.93 |
1.26 |
-29 |
7.93 -3 |
1.26 -6 |
-89 |
7.93 -6 |
1.26 -12 |
-149 |
7.93 -9 |
1.26 -18 |
èìååò 0.2 ìê èëè -121 dBm |
| +30 |
7.07 |
1.0 |
-30 |
7.07 -3 |
1.0 -6 |
-90 |
7.07 -6 |
1.0 -12 |
-150 |
7.07 -9 |
1.0 -18 |
ïðè ñ/ø 0 dB -121-10 = -131 dBm |
| +29 |
6.30 |
0.79 |
-31 |
6.3 -3 |
0.79 -6 |
-91 |
6.3 -6 |
0.79 -12 |
dBm |
V |
W |
êîýôôèöèåíò øóìà F = |
| +28 |
5.62 |
0.63 |
-32 |
5.62 -3 |
0.63 -6 |
-92 |
5.62 -6 |
0.63 -12 |
|
|
|
-131- (-140) =9 dB |
| +27 |
5.01 |
0.5 |
-33 |
5.01 -3 |
0.5 -6 |
-93 |
5.01 -6 |
0.5 -12 |
|
|
|
|
| +26 |
4.46 |
0.4 |
-34 |
4.46 -3 |
0.4 -6 |
-94 |
4.46 -6 |
0.4 -12 |
|
|
|
èìååì F=3 dB |
| +25 |
3.98 |
0.32 |
-35 |
3.98 -3 |
0.32 -6 |
-95 |
3.98 -6 |
0.32 -12 |
|
|
|
ïðè 2500ãö ñ/ø =0 dB |
| +24 |
3.54 |
0.25 |
-36 |
3.54 -3 |
0.25 -6 |
-96 |
3.54 -6 |
0.25 -12 |
|
|
|
3+(-140) = -137 dBm |
| +23 |
3.16 |
0.2 |
-37 |
3.16 -3 |
0.2 -6 |
-97 |
3.16 -6 |
0.2 -12 |
|
|
|
ïðè ñ/ø= 10 dB |
| +22 |
2.82 |
0.16 |
-38 |
2.82 -3 |
0.16 -6 |
-98 |
2.82 -6 |
0.16 -12 |
|
|
|
-137+10 = -127 dBm =99.9 nV |
| +21 |
2.51 |
0.13 |
-39 |
2.51 -3 |
0.13 -6 |
-99 |
2.51 -6 |
0.13 -12 |
|
|
|
|
| +20 |
2.24 |
0.1 |
-40 |
2.24 -3 |
0.1 -6 |
-100 |
2.24 -6 |
0.1 -12 |
|
|
|
IP3=0.5(P1- Pimp3) + P1 |
| +19 |
1.99 |
79.4 -3 |
-41 |
1.99 -3 |
79.4 -9 |
-101 |
1.99 -6 |
79.4 -15 |
|
|
|
P1 - ìîùíîñòü îäíîãî òîíà dBm |
| +18 |
1.78 |
63.1 -3 |
-42 |
1.78 -3 |
63.1 -9 |
-102 |
1.78 -6 |
63.1 -15 |
|
|
|
Pimp3 - ìîùíîñòü ïðîäóêòà |
| +17 |
1.58 |
50.1 -3 |
-43 |
1.58 -3 |
50.1 -9 |
-103 |
1.58 -6 |
50.1 -15 |
|
|
|
èíòåðìîäû dBm |
| +16 |
1.41 |
39.9 -3 |
-44 |
1.41 -3 |
39.9 -9 |
-104 |
1.41 -6 |
39.9 -15 |
|
|
|
|
| +15 |
1.26 |
31.6 -3 |
-45 |
1.26 -3 |
31.6 -9 |
-105 |
1.26 -6 |
31.6 -15 |
|
|
|
DB3 = 2 (IP3 - Prf) / 3 |
| +14 |
1.12 |
25.1 -3 |
-46 |
1.12 -3 |
25.1 -9 |
-106 |
1.12 -6 |
25.1 -15 |
|
|
|
Prf - ÷óâ ïðè ñ/ø = 0 dB â dBm |
| +13 |
0.99 |
20.0 -3 |
-47 |
0.99 -3 |
20.0 -9 |
-107 |
0.99 -6 |
20.0 -15 |
|
|
|
|
| +12 |
0.89 |
15.9 -3 |
-48 |
0.89 -3 |
15.9 -9 |
-108 |
0.89 -6 |
15.9 -15 |
|
|
|
ó÷èòûâàòü çíàê +dBm èëè -dBM |
| +11 |
0.79 |
12.6 -3 |
-49 |
0.79 -3 |
12.6 -9 |
-109 |
0.79 -6 |
12.6 -15 |
|
|
|
|
| +10 |
0.71 |
10.0 -3 |
-50 |
0.71 -3 |
10.0 -9 |
-110 |
0.71 -6 |
10.0 -15 |
|
|
|
|
| +9 |
0.63 |
7.94 -3 |
-51 |
0.63 -3 |
7.94 -9 |
-111 |
0.63 -6 |
7.94 -15 |
|
|
|
V W R=50 ohm |
| +8 |
0.56 |
6.31 -3 |
-52 |
0.56 -3 |
6.31 -9 |
-112 |
0.56 -6 |
6.31 -15 |
|
|
|
|
| +7 |
0.5 |
5.01 -3 |
-53 |
0.5 -3 |
5.01 -9 |
-113 |
0.5 -6 |
5.01 -15 |
|
|
|
|
| +6 |
0.45 |
3.98 -3 |
-54 |
0.45 -3 |
3.98 -9 |
-114 |
0.45 -6 |
3.98 -15 |
|
|
|
|
| +5 |
0.4 |
3.16 -3 |
-55 |
0.4 -3 |
3.16 -9 |
-115 |
0.4 -6 |
3.16 -15 |
|
|
|
|
| +4 |
0.35 |
2.51 -3 |
-56 |
0.35 -3 |
2.51 -9 |
-116 |
0.35 -6 |
2.51 -15 |
|
|
|
|
| +3 |
0.32 |
2.0 -3 |
-57 |
0.32 -3 |
2.0 -9 |
-117 |
0.32 -6 |
2.0 -15 |
|
|
|
|
| +2 |
0.28 |
1.59 -3 |
-58 |
0.28 -3 |
1.59 -9 |
-118 |
0.28 -6 |
1.59 -15 |
|
|
|
|
| +1 |
0.25 |
1.26 -3 |
-59 |
0.25 -3 |
1.26 -9 |
-119 |
0.25 -6 |
1.26 -15 |
|
|
|
73 de RZ3QS |
| 0 |
0.22 |
1.0 -3 |
-60 |
0.22 -3 |
1.0 -9 |
-120 |
0.22 -6 |
1.0 -15 |
|
|
|
|
| dBm |
V |
W |
dBm |
V |
W |
dBm |
V |
W |
|
|
|
|
Àâòîð: Ïðûòêîâ Èãîðü; Ïóáëèêàöèÿ: cxem.net
Ñìîòðèòå äðóãèå ñòàòüè ðàçäåëà Èçìåðèòåëüíàÿ òåõíèêà.
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Ãëàçíûå êàïëè, âîçâðàùàþùèå ìîëîäîñòü çðåíèþ
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Ñ âîçðàñòîì ÷åëîâå÷åñêèé ãëàç ïîñòåïåííî òåðÿåò ñïîñîáíîñòü ÷åòêî âèäåòü íà áëèçêîì ðàññòîÿíèè - ðàçâèâàåòñÿ ïðåñáèîïèÿ, èëè âîçðàñòíàÿ äàëüíîçîðêîñòü. Ýòîò åñòåñòâåííûé ïðîöåññ ñâÿçàí ñ óòðàòîé ýëàñòè÷íîñòè õðóñòàëèêà è îñëàáëåíèåì öèëèàðíîé ìûøöû, îòâå÷àþùåé çà ôîêóñèðîâêó. Ìèëëèîíû ëþäåé ïî âñåìó ìèðó ñòàëêèâàþòñÿ ñ íåîáõîäèìîñòüþ íîñèòü î÷êè äëÿ ÷òåíèÿ èëè ïðèáåãàþò ê õèðóðãè÷åñêèì ìåòîäàì êîððåêöèè. Îäíàêî èññëåäîâàòåëè èç Öåíòðà ïåðåäîâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé ïðåñáèîïèè â Áóýíîñ-Àéðåñå ïðåäñòàâèëè ðåøåíèå, êîòîðîå ìîæåò ñòàòü óäîáíîé è íåèíâàçèâíîé àëüòåðíàòèâîé - ñïåöèàëüíûå ãëàçíûå êàïëè, ñïîñîáíûå óëó÷øàòü çðåíèå íà äëèòåëüíûé ñðîê.
Ðàçðàáîòêó âîçãëàâèëà Äæîâàííà Áåíîööè, äèðåêòîð Öåíòðà. Ïî åå ñëîâàì, öåëü èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñîñòîÿëà â òîì, ÷òîáû ïðåäîñòàâèòü ïàöèåíòàì ñ ïðåñáèîïèåé ýôôåêòèâíûé è áåçîïàñíûé ñïîñîá êîððåêöèè çðåíèÿ áåç õèðóðãè÷åñêîãî âìåøàòåëüñòâà. Íîâûå êàïëè, ñîçäàííûå íà îñíîâå ïèëîêàðïèíà è äèêëîôåíàêà, ïîêàçàëè óáåäèòåëüíûå ðåçóëüòàòû: óæå ÷åðåç ÷àñ ïîñëå ïåðâîãî ïð ...>>
| Ñëó÷àéíàÿ íîâîñòü èç Àðõèâà Ðîáîòèçèðîâàííàÿ îãîðîäíàÿ ñèñòåìà AlphaGarden
10.06.2023
Àìåðèêàíñêèå èíæåíåðû ñðàâíèëè óñïåøíîñòü ðàáîòû â îãîðîäå ñâîåé ðîáîòèçèðîâàííîé ñèñòåìû AlphaGarden ñ òåì, êàê î ðàñòåíèÿõ çàáîòèëèñü ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûå ñàäîâîäû. Îêàçàëîñü, ÷òî AlphaGarden â ñîñòîÿíèè ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî ñëåäèòü çà ñîñòîÿíèåì ðàñòåíèé, ïîëèâàÿ èëè ïîäðåçàÿ èõ ïðè íåîáõîäèìîñòè òàê, êàê ýòî äåëàëè áû ëþäè.
AlphaGarden - ýòî àâòîìàòèçèðîâàííàÿ ñèñòåìà äëÿ âûðàùèâàíèÿ ðàñòåíèé, ðàçðàáîòàííàÿ ñ ó÷àñòèåì èíæåíåðîâ èç Êàëèôîðíèéñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà â Áåðêëè. Îíà âêëþ÷àåò ïëàòôîðìó, êîòîðàÿ ìîæåò çàñåÿòü îãîðîä, ïîäðåçàòü è ïîëèâàòü îâîùè, à òàêæå àâòîíîìíóþ ñèñòåìó, ïîçâîëÿþùóþ îñóùåñòâëÿòü âñå íåîáõîäèìûå ìàíèïóëÿöèè ñâîåâðåìåííî è ïðàâèëüíî ñ ïîìîùüþ íåéðîñåòè.
Îáó÷åííàÿ çàáîòèòüñÿ î ðàñòåíèÿõ íåéðîñåòü èñïîëüçóåò äàííûå èç êàìåðû è äàò÷èêîâ âëàãè, óñòàíîâëåííûå íà ïëàòôîðìå, ÷òîáû êàæäîå ðàñòåíèå ïîëó÷àëî íåîáõîäèìûé óõîä. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, AlphaGarden ìîæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü â ïîëèêóëüòóðíûõ îãîðîäàõ, ãäå îäíîâðåìåííî ðàñòóò ðàçíîîáðàçíûå ðàñòåíèÿ.
 íîâîì èññëåäîâàíèè ó÷åíûå ðåøèëè ñðàâíèòü ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ðàáîòû AlphaGarden â îãîðîäå ñ ðàáîòîé ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûõ ñàäîâîäîâ. Îáà îãîðîäà âñå ðàâíî çàñåÿëè 32 ðàñòåíèÿìè, ñðåäè êîòîðûõ êàïóñòà êåéë, îãóð÷èê, ñàëàòíàÿ ãîð÷èöà è êðàñíûé ñàëàò ëàòóê.  òå÷åíèå 60 äíåé AlphaGarden çàíèìàëñÿ ñâîèì ó÷àñòêîì, à ñàäîâîäû - ñâîèì, ïî÷òè íå âìåøèâàÿñü â ðàáîòó ïëàòôîðìû. Ïî ñëîâàì IEEE Spectrum, ïîìîùü ëþäåé áûëà íåîáõîäèìà AlphaGarden íà íåêîòîðûõ ýòàïàõ îáðåçêè ðàñòåíèé.
Ðåçóëüòàòû ýêñïåðèìåíòà ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî AlphaGarden ìîæåò íå òîëüêî íå õóæå ëþäåé çàáîòèòüñÿ î îãîðîäå, íî è ýêîíîìíåå - â èòîãå îêàçàëîñü, ÷òî íà ñâîé îãîðîä ïëàòôîðìà èñïîëüçîâàëà íà 44 ïðîöåíòà ìåíüøå âîäû, ÷åì ñàäîâîäû.
Ðàçðàáîò÷èêè ñèñòåìû ïðîäîëæàò ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàòü AlphaGarden, â ÷àñòíîñòè, åãî àëãîðèòìû ñëåæåíèÿ çà ñîñòîÿíèåì ðàñòåíèé. Òàêæå èññëåäîâàòåëè ïëàíèðóþò âêëþ÷èòü â AlphaGarden è ñèñòåìû îñâåùåíèÿ, êîòîðûå ïîçâîëèëè áû ñ åãî ïîìîùüþ êà÷åñòâåííî âûðàùèâàòü ðàñòåíèÿ â çàêðûòûõ ïîìåùåíèÿõ.
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