Áåñïëàòíàÿ òåõíè÷åñêàÿ áèáëèîòåêà ÊÎÍÑÏÅÊÒÛ ËÅÊÖÈÉ, ØÏÀÐÃÀËÊÈ
Àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê äëÿ ìåäèêîâ. Respiratory system (êîíñïåêò ëåêöèé) Ñïðàâî÷íèê / Êîíñïåêòû ëåêöèé, øïàðãàëêè Îãëàâëåíèå (ðàçâåðíóòü) ËÅÊÖÈß ¹ 23. Respiratory system The respiratory system is structurally and functionally adapt ed for the efficient transfer of gases between the ambient air and the bloodstream as well as between the bloodstream and the tissues. The major functional components of the res piratory system are: the airways, alveoli, and blood vessels of the lungs; the tissues of the chest wall and diaphragm; the systemic blood vessels; red blood cells and plasma; and respi ratory control neurons in the brainstem and their sensory and motor connections. LUNG FUNCTION: provision of O2 for tissue metabolism occurs via four mechanisms. Ventilation - the transport of air from the environment to the gas exchange surface in the alveoli. O2 diffusion from the alveolar air space across the alveolar-capillary membranes to the blood. Transport of O2 by the blood to the tissues: O2 diffusion from the blood to the tissues. Removal of CO2 produced by tissue metabolism occurs via four mechanisms. CO2 diffusion from the tissues to the blood. Transport by the blood to the pulmonary capillary-alveolar membrane. CO2 diffusion across the capillary-alveolar membrane to the air spaces of the alveoli. Ventilation - the transport of alveolar gas to the air. Functional components: Conducting airways (conducting zone; anatomical dead space). These airways are concerned only with the transport of gas, not with gas exchange with the blood. They are thick-walled, branching, cylindrical structures with ciliated epithelial cells, goblet cells, smooth muscle cells. Clara cells, mucous glands, and (sometimes) cartilage. Alveoli and alveolar septa (respiratory zone; lung parenchyma). These are the sites of gas exchange. Cell types include: Type I and II epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages. The blood-gas barrier (pulmonary capillary-alveolar membrane) is ideal for gas exchange because it is very thin (‹0,5 mm) and has a very large surface area (50-100 m2). It consists of alveolar epithelium, basement membrane interstitium, and capillary endothelium. New words respiratory - äûõàòåëüíûé structurally - ñòðóêòóðíî functionally - ôóíêöèîíàëüíî adapted - ïðèñïîñîáëåííûé efficient - ýôôåêòèâíûé transfer - ïåðåìåùåíèå gases - ãàçû ambient - îêðóæàþùèé air - âîçäóõ bloodstream - êðîâîòîê airways - âîçäóøíûå ïóòè alveoli - àëüâåîëû blood vessels - êðîâåíîñíûå ñîñóäû lungs - ëåãêèå chest - ãðóäü diaphragm - äèàôðàãìà the systemic blood vessels - ñèñòåìíûå êðîâåíîñíûå ñîñóäû red blood cells - êðàñíûå êðîâÿíûå êëåòêè plasma - ïëàçìà respi ratory control neurons - äûõàòåëüíûå íåéðîíû êîíòðîëÿ brainstem - ñòâîë ìîçãà sensory - ñåíñîðíûé motor connections - ìîòîðíûå ñâÿçè ventilation - âåíòèëÿöèÿ transport - òðàíñïîðòèðîâêà environment exchange - îêðóæàþùàÿ ñðåäà surface - ïîâåðõíîñòü Çàïîìíèòå! Åäèí. ÷. - ìíîæ. ÷. this is - these are that is - those are there is - there are it is - they are Ïîñòàâüòå ñëîâà â ñëåäóþùèõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ âî ìíîæåñòâåííîå ÷èñëî. 1. This is a star. 2. This is a boy. 3. This is a baby. 4. That is a plate. 5. That is a flower. 6. That is a bookshelf. 7. Is this a sofa? 8. Is this a bookcase? 9. Is this a man? 10. Is that a ball? 11. Is that a train? 12. Is that a plane? 13. Is the window open? 14. Is the door closed? 15. Is the boy near the window? 16. That is not a king. 17. That is not a queen. 18. That is not a bus. 19. That isn't a mountain. 20. That isn't a goose. 21. This isn't a mouse. 22. It is a sheep. 23. It is a cigarette. 24. It is a cat. 25. It is not a girl. 26. It isn't a bag. 27. It isn't a tree. 28. It is not a bad egg. 29. It is a good egg. 30. Is that a flower? 31. This man is an engineer. 32. That woman is my sister. 33. This child is my son. 34. That goose is big. 35. This mouse is white. 36. This man is a doctor. 37. That woman is my cousin. She is a teacher 38. That girl is my niece. She is a pupil. 39. This girl has a blue sweater. 40. This boy has a good coat. 41. My uncle has a large flat. 42. There is a table in the room. 43. I have a good pen. My pen is in my pocket. 44. There is a flower in the vase. 45. This child's foot is sore. Answer he questions. 1. What is the respiratory system structurally adopted? 2. What does the respiratory system transfer? 3. What are the most major lung functions? 4. What do we breath in? 5. What do we breath out? 6. How is the oxygen delivered to the organs? 7. How is oxygen delivered to the organs? 8. What is metabolism? 9. What are the functional components? 10. What do cell types include? Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences). Find plural and single in the text. Find one word, which is a little bit different in meaning from others (íàéäèòå îäíî ñëîâî, êîòîðîå íåìíîãî îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò äðóãèõ ïî ñìûñëó): 1. a) palm; b) blood; c) vessel; 2. a) leg; b) tissue; c) metabolism; 3. a) airways; b) alveoli; c) arm; 4. a) intestines; b) cell; c) membrane; 5. a) oxygen; b) breath; c) carbon. 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