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Áåñïëàòíàÿ òåõíè÷åñêàÿ áèáëèîòåêà
Èäåíòèôèêàöèÿ ñèñòåì âïðûñêà ðàçëè÷íûõ ïðîèçâîäèòåëåé

Ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ ðàäèîýëåêòðîíèêè è ýëåêòðîòåõíèêè /
Àâòîìîáèëü. Ýëåêòðîííûé âïðûñê òîïëèâà
Êîììåíòàðèè ê ñòàòüå Alfa-Romeo
|
Ìîäåëü àâòîìîáèëÿ
|
Ãîä âûïóñêà
|
Ñèñòåìà âïðûñêà
|
| 90/Alfetta 2,0i |
1984-86
|
Bosch Motronic
|
| 6/75/90/GTV 2,5i |
1984-88
|
Bosch L-Jetronic
|
| 75 2,0 Twin Spark |
1987-91
|
Bosch Motronic ML4.1
|
| 75 V6 3,0 |
1987-91
|
Bosch L-Jetronic
|
| 164 2,0 Twin Spark |
1987-
|
Bosch Motronic ML4.1
|
| 164 3,6 V6 |
1987-
|
Bosch Motronic ML4.1
|
| 33 1,5/1,7 i.e. |
1990-
|
Bosch LE3.1/2-Jetronic
|
| 33 1,7 16V |
1990-
|
Bosch Motronic ML4.1
|
| 155 Twin Spark 1,8 |
1992-
|
Bosch Motronic 1.7
|
| 155 Twin Spark 2,0 |
1992-
|
Bosch Motronic 1.7
|
Audi
|
Ìîäåëü àâòîìîáèëÿ
|
Ãîä âûïóñêà
|
Ñèñòåìà âïðûñêà
|
| 80 1,6i/1,8i |
1976-83
|
Bosch K-Jetronic
|
| 80 1,8/1,9 |
1986-91
|
Bosch KE-Jetronic
|
| 80/90/Coupe 2,0i/2,1i/2,2i |
1982-90
|
Bosch K-Jetronic
|
| 100/200 2,0i/2,1i/2,2i |
1982-90
|
Bosch K-Jetronic
|
| 100/2005E/Turbo |
1977-82
|
Bosch K-Jetronic
|
| 100 2,2 Cat |
1984-91
|
Bosch KE-Jetronic
|
| 80/90 2,0 8V/16V |
1990-92
|
Bosch KE-Motronic
|
| 90 2,0 Cat |
1987-92
|
Bosch KE-Jetronic
|
| 90 2,3E/Quattro Cat |
1987-92
|
Bosch KE3-Jetronic
|
| 90/Quattro 2,0/2,3 20V Cat |
1988-92
|
Bosch/VAG Motronic
|
| 100 2,0 |
1989-92
|
Bosch K-Jetronic
|
| 100 2,3E/Quattro |
1987-91
|
Bosch KE3-Jetronic
|
| 200/Coupe Quattro Turbo |
1990-91
|
Bosch/VAG Motronic
|
| 80 2,0 8V |
1991-
|
VAG Digifant
|
| Coupe 2,0 8V |
1991-
|
VAG Digifant
|
| 80 2,8 V6 |
1991-
|
Bosch/VAG MPI
|
| 100 S4 20V |
1991-
|
Bosch Motronic
|
| 100/Avant V6 |
1991-
|
Bosch/VAG MPI
|
| Coupe V6 |
1991-
|
Bosch/VAG MPI
|
| V8 3,6 |
1990-92
|
Bosch Motronic
|
| 80 1,6E 8V |
1993-
|
Bosch Mono-motronic
|
| 80 2,0E 8V |
1992-
|
Bosch Mono-motronic
|
| 80 2,6 V6 |
1992-
|
Bosch Motronic
|
| 100 2,6 V6 |
1992-
|
Bosch Motronic
|
| V8 4,2 |
1992-
|
Bosch Motronic
|
BMW
|
Ìîäåëü àâòîìîáèëÿ
|
Ãîä âûïóñêà
|
Ñèñòåìà âïðûñêà
|
| 318i/320i/518i/520i |
1975-83
|
Bosch K-Jetronic
|
| 318i/320i/325i/e |
1982-90
|
Bosch L/LE/Motr.
|
| 518i/520i/525i/e/528i/535i |
1977-88
|
Bosch L/LE/Motr.
|
| 628i/633i/635i |
1976-88
|
Bosch L/LE/Motr.
|
| 728i/733i/735i/745i |
1976-86
|
Bosch L/LE/Motr.
|
| M5/M635i |
1984-88
|
Bosch Motronic
|
| 316i/318i (E30) |
1988-91
|
Bosch Motronic 1.3
|
| 518i (E34) |
1989-
|
Bosch Motronic 1.3
|
| 520i/525i/530i/535i/Cat |
1988-90
|
Bosch Motronic
|
| 730i/735i/Cat |
1987-92
|
Bosch Motronic
|
| 520i/525i (E34) |
1989-92
|
Bosch Motronic M3.1
|
| 316i (E36) |
1991-
|
Bosch Motronic 1.7
|
| 318i (E36) |
1991-
|
Bosch Motronic 1.7
|
| 320i/325i (E36) |
1991-
|
Bosch Motronic M3.1
|
Citroen
|
Ìîäåëü àâòîìîáèëÿ
|
Ãîä âûïóñêà
|
Ñèñòåìà âïðûñêà
|
| Visa GTi |
1985-88
|
Bosch LE-Jetronic
|
| BX 19GTi |
1986-91
|
Bosch LE3-Jetronic
|
| CX 2400 GTi |
1977-83
|
Bosch L-Jetronic
|
| CX25 |
1983-90
|
Bosch LE2-Jetronic
|
| CX25 Turbo |
1985-86
|
Bosch L-Jetronic
|
| AX 11/14 Cat |
1988-
|
Bosch Mono-Jetronic A2.2
|
| BX GTi 16V |
1988-92
|
Bosch Motronic ML4.1
|
| BX19 16V |
1990-93
|
Bosch Motronic M1.3
|
| XM 2,0 |
1990-92
|
MMFD Multi point G5
|
| XM V6 3,0 |
1990-
|
Bendix-Fenix 3B
|
| XM V6 3,0 24V |
1990-
|
Bendix-Fenix 4
|
| ZX 1,6i |
1991-
|
MMFD Multi point G5
|
| ZX 1,9i 8V |
1991-
|
Bosch Motronic M1.3
|
| ZX 1,9 |
1991-
|
Bosch Motronic MP3.1
|
| BX 1,6i |
1991-
|
MMFD Multi point G5
|
| BX 19 TZi |
1990-
|
Bosch Motronic M1.3
|
| BX 1,9 GTi |
1990-
|
Bosch Motronic MP3.1
|
| XM 2,0 |
1990-92
|
MMFD Multi point G5
|
| XM 2,0 |
1990-
|
Bosch Motronic MP3.1
|
| AX 1,0i |
1992-
|
Bosch Monopoint MA3.0
|
| AX GT |
1993-
|
Bosch Monopoint MA3.0
|
| AX 1,1i |
1993-
|
Magneti-Marelli MM G6-11
|
| AX GTi 1,4 |
1992-
|
Bosch Motronic MP3.1
|
| ZX 1,1/1,4i |
1992-
|
Bosch Monojet A2.2
|
| ZX 1,8i |
1993-
|
Bosch Motronic MP5.1
|
| ZX 2,0i 8V |
1993-
|
Magneti-Marelli MM 8P
|
| ZX 2,0i 16V |
1993-
|
Bosch Motronic MP3.2
|
| Xantia 1,8i |
1993-
|
Bosch Motronic MP5.1
|
| Xantia 2,0i 8V |
1993-
|
Magneti-Marelli MM 8P
|
| Xantia 2,0i 16V |
1993-
|
Bosch Motronic MP3.2
|
| XM 2,0i Turbo |
1993-
|
Bosch Motronic MP3.2
|
Daihatsu
|
Ìîäåëü àâòîìîáèëÿ
|
Ãîä âûïóñêà
|
Ñèñòåìà âïðûñêà
|
| Applause 1,6i |
1990-
|
Daihatsu EFi
|
| Sportrak 1,6i |
1989-
|
Daihatsu EFi
|
Fiat
|
Ìîäåëü àâòîìîáèëÿ
|
Ãîä âûïóñêà
|
Ñèñòåìà âïðûñêà
|
| Uno Turbo |
1985-90
|
Bosch LE2-Jetronic
|
| Regata 100S |
1986-90
|
Fiat SPI
|
| Croma 2000i.e |
1986-91
|
Weber IAW
|
| Croma Turbo |
1986-91
|
Bosch LE2-Jetronic
|
| Regata 100i.e |
1990-91
|
Weber MIW Centrajet 2
|
| Panda 1000i.e |
1989-
|
Bosch Mono-Jetronic
|
| Uno 1,1/1,4 70 SX/Selecta i.e |
1991-
|
Bosch Mono-Jetronic
|
| Uno 1,4 Turbo i.e |
1991-
|
Bosch LE3.1-Jetronic
|
| Tipo 1,6i.e |
1989-
|
Bosch Mono-Jetronic
|
| Tipo/Tempra 1,8i.e |
1990-
|
Weber IAW
|
| Tipo 1,8i.e 8V |
1991-
|
Weber IAW
|
| Tipo 2,0i.e 8V |
1991-
|
Weber IAW
|
| Tempra 1,8i.e 16V |
1991-
|
Weber IAW
|
| Tempra 2,0i.e 16V |
1991-
|
Weber IAW
|
| Croma 2000i.e |
1991-
|
Bosch LU2-Jetronic
|
| Croma 2000i.e Turbo |
1991-
|
Bosch LU2-Jetronic
|
Ford
|
Ìîäåëü àâòîìîáèëÿ
|
Ãîä âûïóñêà
|
Ñèñòåìà âïðûñêà
|
| Escort/Orion XR3i/1,6i |
1982-90
|
Bosch K-Jetronic
|
| Escort RS Turbo |
1985-90
|
Bosch KE-Jetronic
|
| Granada/Capri 2,8i |
1977-87
|
Bosch K-Jetronic
|
| Sierra 2,8i |
1983-89
|
Bosch K-Jetronic
|
| Sierra 2,0i/2,8i/2,9i |
1985-90
|
Bosch L-Jetronic
|
| Granada/Scorpio |
1985-90
|
Bosch L-Jetronic
|
| Sierra Cosworth |
1986-91
|
Weber-Marelli IAW
|
| Fiesta/Escort/Orion 1,4 |
1989-
|
Ford/Weber CFI
|
| Fiesta 1,6 XR2i/Cat |
1989-92
|
Ford EEC IV
|
| Escort/Orion 1,6 XR3i/Cat |
1989-92
|
Ford EEC IV
|
| Sierra/Granada/Scorpio 2,0/Cat |
1989-
|
Ford EEC IV
|
| Sierra Sapphire RS Cosworth |
1988-92
|
Weber-Marelli IAW
|
| Scorpio/Granada 2,4i/2,9i/4*4 |
1987-89
|
Bosch L-Jetronic
|
| 2,9 Scorpio 24V Cosworth |
1990-
|
Ford EEC IV
|
| Fiesta RS Turbo |
1990-93
|
Ford EEC IV EFI
|
| Fiesta XR2i 1,8 |
1991-
|
Ford EEC IV EFI
|
| Fiesta RS 1800 |
1991-
|
Ford EEC IV EFI
|
| Escort XR3i 1,8 |
1991-
|
Ford EEC IV EFI
|
| Sierra 1,6/1,8 CFI |
1990-
|
Ford/Weber CFI
|
| Fiesta 1,1/1,3 (HCS) |
1993-
|
Ford CFI
|
| Escort 1,3i (HCS) |
1993-
|
Ford CFI
|
| Mondeo 1,6i |
1993-
|
Ford EEC IV
|
| Mondeo 1,8i |
1993-
|
Ford EEC IV
|
| Mondeo 2,0i |
1993-
|
Ford EEC IV
|
Honda
|
Ìîäåëü àâòîìîáèëÿ
|
Ãîä âûïóñêà
|
Ñèñòåìà âïðûñêà
|
| Civic/CRX 12V |
1985-88
|
Honda PGM-FI
|
| Integra/CRX 16V |
1986-90
|
PGM-FI
|
| Accord 12V |
1986-88
|
Honda PGM-FI
|
| Prelude 16V |
1985-91
|
Honda PGM-FI
|
| Prelude 4WS 2,0i-16 |
1988-92
|
PGM-FI
|
| Concerto 1,5i/1,6i |
1990-
|
Honda PGM-FI
|
| Concerto 1,6i-16 |
1990-
|
Honda PGM-FI
|
| CRX VTi DOHC V-TEC |
1991-
|
Honda PGM-FI
|
| CRX ESi SOHC V-TEC |
1991-
|
Honda PGM-FI
|
| Civic 1,6 VTi V-TEC |
1991-
|
Honda PGM-FI
|
| Civic 1,5 VEi |
1991-
|
Honda PGM-FI
|
| Accord 2,2 |
1990-
|
Honda PGM-FI
|
| Legend 3,2 V6 |
1991-
|
Honda PGM-FI
|
| Prelude 2,0 |
1993-
|
Honda PGM-FI
|
| Prelude 2,2 V-TEC |
1993-
|
Honda PGM-FI
|
| Prelude 2,3 |
1993-
|
Honda PGM-FI
|
Hyundai
|
Ìîäåëü àâòîìîáèëÿ
|
Ãîä âûïóñêà
|
Ñèñòåìà âïðûñêà
|
| Sonata 1,8i/2,0i/2,4i |
1988-92
|
Hyunai EC-Multi
|
| Lantra 1,6i |
1991-
|
Mitsibishi MPI
|
| S Coupe 1,5i |
1990-
|
Mitsibishi MPI
|
| Lantra 1,8i |
1992-
|
Mitsibishi MPI
|
| Lantra 2,0i 16V |
1992-
|
Mitsibishi MPI
|
| S Coupe 1,5 MVi |
1993-
|
Bosch Motronic
|
| S Coupe 1,5 MVTi |
1993-
|
Bosch Motronic
|
Isuzu
|
Ìîäåëü àâòîìîáèëÿ
|
Ãîä âûïóñêà
|
Ñèñòåìà âïðûñêà
|
| Piazza |
1986-90
|
Isuzu I-TEC
|
| Trooper 2,6i |
1988-92
|
Isuzu I-TEC
|
| Trooper 3,2 V6 |
1992-
|
Isuzu I-TEC
|
Jaguar
|
Ìîäåëü àâòîìîáèëÿ
|
Ãîä âûïóñêà
|
Ñèñòåìà âïðûñêà
|
| XJ6 |
1979-86
|
Lucas Bosch L-Jetronic
|
| XJ6 |
1986-90
|
Lucas LH
|
| XJ12 |
1980-90
|
Lucas P-Digital
|
| XJS 3,6 |
1983-89
|
Lucas P-Digital
|
| XJ6 4,0 |
1990-
|
Lucas CU15
|
| XJS 5,3 V12 HE |
1980-
|
Lucas P-Digital
|
| XJS 4,0 |
1991-
|
Lucas CU15
|
Lancia
|
Ìîäåëü àâòîìîáèëÿ
|
Ãîä âûïóñêà
|
Ñèñòåìà âïðûñêà
|
| Beta/HPE/Trefi/Gamma |
1982-86
|
Bosch L-Jetronic
|
| Thema/Turbo |
1985-90
|
Bosch LE2-Jetronic
|
| Y10 1300i.e. |
1989-92
|
Bosch L3.2-Jetronic
|
| Dedra 1,6/1,8/2,0i.e. |
1989-
|
Weber MIW Centrajet 2
|
| Delta/Prisma 1,6i.e. |
1986-92
|
Weber IAW
|
| Delta 2,0 HF Integrale 16V |
1989-92
|
Weber IAW
|
| Thema i.e. 16V |
1989-92
|
Bosch L3.1-Jetronic
|
| Thema 2000i.e. 16V Turbo |
1990-91
|
Bosch LE2.1-Jetronic
|
| Thema 2,8 V6 |
1989-91
|
Bosch LE2.2-Jetronic
|
| Dedra 2000 Turbo |
1991-
|
Weber IAW
|
| Dedra 2,0 Integrale |
1990-
|
Weber IAW
|
Mazda
|
Ìîäåëü àâòîìîáèëÿ
|
Ãîä âûïóñêà
|
Ñèñòåìà âïðûñêà
|
| 323 |
1985-86
|
Mazda EGI
|
| 626 2,0i |
1985-89
|
Mazda EGI
|
| RX7 |
1985-89
|
Mazda EGI
|
| 323 Turbo 4*4 |
1987-89
|
Mazda EGI
|
| 626 2,0i 16V/Cat |
1988-
|
Mazda EGI
|
| MX-5/Miata |
1989-
|
Mazda EGI
|
| 121 (1,3) |
1991-
|
Mazda EGI
|
| 323 1,6/1,8 |
1989-
|
Mazda EGI
|
| 626 2,5 V6 |
1991-
|
Mazda EGI
|
| MX-3 1,6 |
1991-
|
Mazda EGI
|
| MX-3 1,8 V6 |
1991-
|
Mazda EGI
|
| MX-6 2,0 16V |
1991-
|
Mazda EGI
|
| MX-6 2,5 V6 |
1991-
|
Mazda EGI
|
| 323 1,8i 16V |
1990-
|
Mazda EGI
|
| Xedos 6 2,0i V6 |
1993-
|
Mazda EGI
|
Mercedes Benz
|
Ìîäåëü àâòîìîáèëÿ
|
Ãîä âûïóñêà
|
Ñèñòåìà âïðûñêà
|
| 190E |
1982-90
|
Bosch KE-Jetronic
|
| 190E 2,6/260/300 |
1985-91
|
Bosch KE-Jetronic
|
| 230/280 |
1974-85
|
Bosch K-Jetronic
|
| 350/380/450/500 |
1976-80
|
Bosch K-Jetronic
|
| 420/500 |
1985-91
|
Bosch KE-Jetronic
|
| 190E 1,8 |
1990-
|
Bosch KE-Jetronic
|
Mitsubishi
|
Ìîäåëü àâòîìîáèëÿ
|
Ãîä âûïóñêà
|
Ñèñòåìà âïðûñêà
|
| Starion |
1982-89
|
Mitsubishi ECI
|
| Galant 2000i/2400i Cat |
1987-88
|
Mitsubishi EPI
|
| Sapporo 2400i |
1987-88
|
Mitsubishi EPI
|
| Colt/Lancer 1600 GTi 16V |
1988-93
|
Mitsubishi EPI
|
| Galant 2000 GTi 16V/Cat |
1988-93
|
Mitsubishi EPI
|
| Space Wagon 1,8i |
1991-
|
Mitsubishi EPI
|
| Space Runner 1,8i |
1991-
|
Mitsubishi EPI
|
| Colt 1,8i 16V |
1992-
|
Mitsubishi EPI
|
| Lancer 1,8i 16V |
1992-
|
Mitsubishi EPI
|
| Sigma 3,0 V6 24V |
1990-
|
Mitsubishi EPI
|
| Shogun 3,0 V6 |
1990-
|
Mitsubishi EPI
|
Nissan
|
Ìîäåëü àâòîìîáèëÿ
|
Ãîä âûïóñêà
|
Ñèñòåìà âïðûñêà
|
| Cherry Turbo |
1983-86
|
Nissan ECCS
|
| Bluebird/Sivia |
1984-89
|
Nissan ECCS
|
| Laurel/240/280 |
1978-89
|
Nissan EFI
|
| Silvia DOHC |
1984-87
|
Nissan EFI
|
| 300ZX/Turbo |
1984-90
|
Nissan ECCS
|
| Sunny Cupe 1,6 ZX/GTi 16V |
1987-90
|
Nissan ECCS
|
| 200 SX |
1990-
|
Nissan ECCS
|
| Maxima 3,0 SE/SEL |
1989-
|
Nissan ECCS
|
| Sunny 2,0 (N14) |
1990-
|
Nissan ECCS MPI
|
| Primera 2,0 |
1990-93
|
Nissan ECCS SPI
|
| Primera 2,0 |
1990-93
|
Nissan ECCS MPI
|
| 300 ZX Turbo (Z32) |
1990-
|
Nissan ECCS MPI
|
| Micra 1,0i |
1992-
|
Nissan ECCS MPI
|
| Micra 1,3i |
1992-
|
Nissan ECCS MPI
|
| Primera 1,6i |
1993-
|
Nissan ECCS MPI
|
| Primera |
1993-
|
Nissan ECCS MPI
|
| Serena 1,6i |
1993-
|
Nissan ECCS MPI
|
| Senna 2,0i |
1993
|
Nissan ECCS MPI
|
Opel
|
Ìîäåëü àâòîìîáèëÿ
|
Ãîä âûïóñêà
|
Ñèñòåìà âïðûñêà
|
| Kadett/Ascona |
1983-86
|
Bosch LE-Jetronic
|
| Omega |
1986-91
|
Bosch LE3-Jetronic
|
| Kadett/Ascona/Omega |
1986-91
|
Bosch Motronic ML4
|
| Manta/Senator |
1977-86
|
Bosch L/LE-Jetronic
|
| Senator/Monza |
1978-87
|
Bosch L/LE-Jetronic
|
Opel-Vauxhall
|
Ìîäåëü àâòîìîáèëÿ
|
Ãîä âûïóñêà
|
Ñèñòåìà âïðûñêà
|
| Astra/Cavalier |
1982-86
|
Bosch LE-Jetronic
|
| Astra/Cavalier/Carlton |
1986-91
|
Bosch LE3-Jetronic
|
| Astra/Cavalier/Carlton |
1986-91
|
Bosch Motronic
|
| Carlton/Senator |
1983-86
|
Bosch L/LE-Jetronic
|
| Senator/Monza |
1978-87
|
Bosch L/LE-Jetronic
|
| Nova 1,6 GTE |
1988-92
|
Bosch LE3-Jetronic
|
| Astra/Cavalier 2,0 8V |
1990-91
|
Bosch Motronic M 1.5
|
| Calibra/Carlton 2,0 8V |
1990-
|
Bosch Motronic M 1.5
|
| Astra/Cavalier 2,0 16V |
1990-92
|
Bosch Motronic M 2.5
|
| Calibra 2,0 16V |
1990-92
|
Bosch Motronic M 2.5
|
| Carlton/Senator 2,5i/3,0i |
1987-90
|
Bosch LE2-Jetronic
|
| Nova 1,4 Cat |
1990-93
|
GM Multec SPI
|
| Carlton/Senator 2,6/3,0 |
1990-
|
Bosch Motronic 1.5
|
| Frontera 2,0i (OHC) |
1991-
|
Bosch Motronic 1.5
|
| Frontera 2,4i (CIH) |
1991-
|
Bosch Motronic 1.5
|
| Nova 1,2i |
1990-93
|
GM Multec SPI
|
| Nova 1,4i |
1991-
|
GM Multec SPI
|
| Astra 1,2i |
1991-
|
GM Multec SPI
|
| Astra 1,4i |
1991-
|
GM Multec SPI
|
| Nova 1,6i |
1991-93
|
Bosch Motronic 1.5
|
| Astra-F 1,6i |
1992-
|
GM Multec SPI
|
| Astra-F 1,8i |
1992-
|
GM Multec SPI
|
| Cavalier 1,6i |
1992-
|
GM Multec SPI
|
| Cavalier 1,8i |
1992-
|
GM Multec SPI
|
Peugeot
|
Ìîäåëü àâòîìîáèëÿ
|
Ãîä âûïóñêà
|
Ñèñòåìà âïðûñêà
|
| 205 GTi/309 SRi/GTi |
1984-90
|
Bosch LE2-Jetronic
|
| 504/505/604 |
1978-83
|
Bosch K-Jetronic
|
| 505 |
1983-90
|
Bosch LE2-Jetronic
|
| 205/309/405 1,9 |
1989-
|
Bosch Motronic M1.3
|
| 205/309/405/605 1,6 |
1990-93
|
MMFD Monopoint G5
|
| 309/405 1,9 16V |
1990-
|
Bosch Motronic M1.3
|
| 405 1,9i |
1988-91
|
Bosch LE3.1-Jetronic
|
| 505 V6 |
1987-90
|
Bosch LH-Jetronic
|
| 605 2,0 |
1990-93
|
Bosch LE2-Jetronic
|
| 605 2,0 |
1990-
|
MMFD Monopoint G5
|
| 605 SV V6 3,0 |
1990-
|
Bendix-Fenix 3B
|
| 605 SVE V6 3,0 24V |
1990-
|
Bendix-Fenix 4
|
| 106 1,1/1,3 |
1991-
|
Bosch Mono-Jetronic
|
| 205 1,1/1,3 |
1991-
|
Bosch Mono-Jetronic
|
| 309 1,3 |
1991-
|
Bosch Mono-Jetronic
|
| 405 1,9 |
1990-92
|
Bosch Motronic MP1.3
|
| 605 2,0 |
1990-92
|
Bosch Motronic MP1.3
|
| 306 1,1 |
1992-
|
Bosch Motronic MP5.1
|
| 306 1,3 |
1992-
|
Bosch Motronic MP5.1
|
| 306 1,4 |
1992-
|
Bosch Mono-Jetronic MA3
|
| 306 1,6 |
1992-
|
Bosch Mono-Jetronic MA3
|
| 405 1,6 |
1992-
|
Bosch Motronic MP5.1
|
| 405 1,6 |
1992-
|
Bosch Mono-Jetronic MA3
|
Renault
|
Ìîäåëü àâòîìîáèëÿ
|
Ãîä âûïóñêà
|
Ñèñòåìà âïðûñêà
|
| R21 |
1986-91
|
Renix Electronic
|
| R25/R30 |
1984-89
|
Bosch K-Jetronic
|
| R25/Turbo |
1984-90
|
Renix Electronic
|
| 21/25 Txi 12V |
1990-
|
Bendix Multi-point
|
| Clio 1,2/1,4 |
1991-
|
Bosch Mono-point
|
| Clio 1,8 RT |
1990-
|
Bendix/Renix MPI
|
| R19 1,4 |
1991-
|
Bosch Mono-point
|
| R19 1,8 16V |
1990-
|
Bendix/Renix MPI
|
| Esprace 2,0 |
1988-91
|
Renix MPI
|
| Clio 1,8i |
1992-
|
Bosch Mono-Jetronic MA3
|
| 19 1,8i |
1992-
|
Bosch Mono-Jetronic MA3
|
| 19 1,8 Txi |
1992-
|
Renix MPI
|
Rover
|
Ìîäåëü àâòîìîáèëÿ
|
Ãîä âûïóñêà
|
Ñèñòåìà âïðûñêà
|
| Land/Range Rover |
1985-90
|
Lucas L-Injection
|
| Land Rover Discovery 3,5 V8i |
1990-
|
Lucas 14CUX EFI
|
| Land Rover Range Rover 3,9 |
1989-
|
Lucas 14CUX EFI
|
| 216/Maestro/Montego |
1985-90
|
Lucas LH
|
| 3500 |
1984-86
|
Lucas L-Injection
|
| 820E/SE |
1986-90
|
Rover SPI
|
| 820i/Si |
1986-91
|
Lucas LH
|
| 825i |
1986-88
|
Rover PGM-FI
|
| Metro 1,4 16V |
1990-
|
Rover M.E.M.S. SPI
|
| 214/414 |
1989-
|
Rover M.E.M.S. SPI
|
| 216/416 GSi/GTi |
1989-
|
PGM-FI
|
| 827i/Sterling/Vitesse |
1988-92
|
PGM-FI
|
| Metro 1,4 16V |
1991-
|
M.E.M.S. MPI
|
| 214/414 16V |
1991-
|
M.E.M.S. MPI
|
| Montego 2,0i |
1991-
|
M.E.M.S. MPI
|
| Mini-Cooper 1,3i |
1991-
|
M.E.M.S. MPI
|
| Mini-Cabriolet 1,3i |
1993-
|
M.E.M.S. MPI
|
| 220 GTi 16V |
1991-
|
M.E.M.S. MPI
|
| 220 Turbo/Coupe |
1992-
|
M.E.M.S. MPI
|
| 420 2,0 16V |
1992-
|
M.E.M.S. MPI
|
| 620 |
1993-
|
Rover PGM-FI
|
| 623 |
1993-
|
Rover PGM-FI
|
| Vitesse 2,0 Turbo |
1992-
|
M.E.M.S. MPI
|
| 827 V6 |
1991-
|
Rover PGM-FI
|
| Sterling |
1991-
|
Rover PGM-FI
|
SAAB
|
Ìîäåëü àâòîìîáèëÿ
|
Ãîä âûïóñêà
|
Ñèñòåìà âïðûñêà
|
| 99/900/Turbo |
1976-79
|
Bosch K-Jetronic
|
| 900/9000 16V/Turbo |
1984-91
|
Bosch L-Jetronic
|
| 900i 16V/900SE |
1990-93
|
Lucas CU 14
|
| 9000i 2,3 16V |
1990-
|
Bosch LH 2.4.2-Jetronic
|
| CD 2,3 16V Turbo |
1991-
|
Bosch LH 2.4.2-Jetronic
|
| 9000i 2,3 16V |
1992-
|
SAAB TRONIC SFI
|
Seat
|
Ìîäåëü àâòîìîáèëÿ
|
Ãîä âûïóñêà
|
Ñèñòåìà âïðûñêà
|
| Ibiza/Malaga 1,5i |
1988-
|
Bosch LE2-Jetronic
|
Subaru
|
Ìîäåëü àâòîìîáèëÿ
|
Ãîä âûïóñêà
|
Ñèñòåìà âïðûñêà
|
| 1,8/XT |
1984-90
|
Subaru MPFI
|
| Legacy 1,8 16V SOHC |
1991-
|
Subaru SPFI
|
| Legacy 2,0/2,2 16V |
1991-
|
Subaru MPFI
|
| Legacy 2,0 Turbo |
1991-
|
Subaru MPFI
|
| Impreza 1,6i |
1993-
|
Subaru MPFI
|
| Impreza 1,8i |
1993-
|
Subaru MPFI
|
Suzuki
|
Ìîäåëü àâòîìîáèëÿ
|
Ãîä âûïóñêà
|
Ñèñòåìà âïðûñêà
|
| Swift |
1986-90
|
Suzuki
EPI |
| Swift 1,3 GTi (SF413) |
1990- |
Suzuki EFI/MPI |
| Vitara 1,6i |
1991-
|
Suzuki MPI
|
| Vitara 1,6i |
1991-
|
Suzuki SPI
|
Toyota
|
Ìîäåëü àâòîìîáèëÿ
|
Ãîä âûïóñêà
|
Ñèñòåìà âïðûñêà
|
| Corolla/Camry/MR2 |
1984-90
|
Toyota TCCS/EFI
|
| Supra 3,0 |
1986-91
|
Toyota TCCS
|
| Celica GT |
1985-90
|
Toyota TCCS
|
| Celica Supra |
1981-86
|
Toyota EFI
|
| Carina II/Camry GLi 2,0i |
1988-92
|
Toyota TCCS
|
| Supra 3,0 Turbo |
1988-
|
Toyota TCCS
|
| Camry GLXi V6 |
1989-92
|
Toyota TCCS
|
| MR2 2,0 |
1990-
|
Toyota TCCS
|
| MR2 2,0 GT/GT T-Bar |
1990-
|
Toyota TCCS
|
| Celica 2,0 GTi-16 |
1990-
|
Toyota TCCS
|
| Celica GT$ |
1990-
|
Toyota TCCS
|
| Camry 2,2 |
1991-
|
Toyota TCCS
|
| Camry 3,0 V6 24V |
1991-
|
Toyota TCCS
|
| Previa 2,4 16V |
1990-
|
Toyota TCCS
|
| Corolla 1,3i |
1992-
|
Toyota TCCS
|
| Corolla 1,6i |
1992-
|
Toyota TCCS
|
| Corolla 1,8i |
1992-
|
Toyota TCCS
|
| Carina E 1,6 XLi/GLi |
1992-
|
Toyota TCCS
|
| Carina E 2,0 GTi |
1992-
|
Toyota TCCS
|
| Carina E 2,0 GLi |
1992-
|
Toyota TCCS
|
VolksWagen
|
Ìîäåëü àâòîìîáèëÿ
|
Ãîä âûïóñêà
|
Ñèñòåìà âïðûñêà
|
| Golf/Jetta/Scirocco/Passat |
1976-90
|
Bosch KE-Jetronic
|
| Polo/Golf/Jetta 1,3i |
1986-87
|
VAG Digijet
|
| Golf/Jetta 1,8i |
1984-91
|
Bosch KE-Jetronic
|
| Golf/Jetta/Scirocco 16V |
1985-91
|
Bosch K/KE-Jetronic
|
| Passat/Santana 2,0/2,2 |
1981-88
|
Bosch K-Jetronic
|
| Golf/Jetta/Passat 1,8/Cat |
1987-92
|
Bosch Mono-Jetronic
|
| Golf/Jetta/Passat 1,8/Cat |
1987-91
|
VAG Digifant
|
| Passat 16V/Cat |
1988-93
|
Bosch K/KE-Jetronic
|
| Golf/Corrado/Passat 1,8 G60 |
1988-92
|
VAG Digifant G60
|
| Polo 1,3 |
1990-
|
VAG Digifant
|
| Polo G40 1,3 |
1991-
|
VAG Digifant MPI
|
| Passat 1,8 |
1991-
|
Bosch Mono-Jetronic
|
| Transporter 2,0 |
1991-
|
VAG Digifant MPI
|
| Polo 1,03/1,3i |
1991-
|
Bosch Mono-Jetronic
|
| Golf3 1,4 |
1992-
|
Bosch Mono-Jetronic
|
| Golf3 1,8 |
1992-
|
Bosch Mono-Jetronic
|
| Vento 1,8 |
1993-
|
Bosch Mono-Jetronic
|
| Golf3 2,0 8V |
1992-
|
VAG Digifant
|
| Vento 2,0 8V |
1992-
|
VAG Digifant
|
| Golf3 2,0 16V |
1993-
|
VAG Digifant
|
| Golf3 2,8 VR6 |
1992-
|
Bosch Motronic
|
| Passat 2,0 16V |
1992-
|
Bosch KE-Motronic
|
| Passat 2,8 VR6 |
1992-
|
VAG Digifant
|
| Corrado 2,0 16V |
1992-
|
Bosch KE-Motronic
|
| Corrado 2,8 VR6 |
1992-
|
VAG Digifant
|
Volvo
|
Ìîäåëü àâòîìîáèëÿ
|
Ãîä âûïóñêà
|
Ñèñòåìà âïðûñêà
|
| 360 |
1982-89
|
Bosch LE-Jetronic
|
| 480 |
1986-91
|
Renix Electronic
|
| 240/244/245/740 |
1974-90
|
Bosch K-Jetronic
|
| 740 Kat/Turbo |
1985-90
|
Bosch Motronic
|
| 760/780 |
1986-91
|
Bosch LH-Jetronic
|
| 760 Turbo |
1983-91
|
Bosch Motronic
|
| 262/264/265/760 |
1979-87
|
Bosch K-Jetronic
|
| 440/460/480 1,7 |
1989-
|
Volvo Fenix 3B
|
| 440/460/480 1,7 Turbo |
1989-
|
Bosch LH-Jetronic
|
| 240 GL |
1988-91
|
Bosch LH-Jetronic
|
| 740 2,0/2,3 8V/16V Cat |
1988-92
|
Bosch LH 2.4-Jetronic
|
| 940 2,0 |
1991-
|
Bosch LH 2.4-Jetronic
|
| 940 2,3 |
1991-
|
Bosch LH 2.4-Jetronic
|
| 940 2,3 16V |
1991-
|
Bosch LH 2.4-Jetronic
|
| 740/940 2,3 Turbo |
1990-
|
Bosch LH 2.4-Jetronic
|
| 960 2,3 Turbo |
1990-
|
Bosch LH 2.4-Jetronic
|
| 960 3,0 24V |
1991-
|
Bosch Motronic
|
| 440 1,8 |
1992-
|
Fenix 3B SPI
|
| 460 1,8 |
1992-
|
Fenix 3B SPI
|
| 850 2,5 10V |
1993-
|
Fenix 5.2.1
|
| 850 2,0 20V |
1991-
|
Bosch LH 3.2-Jetronic
|
| 850 2,5 20V |
1991-
|
Bosch LH 3.2-Jetronic
|
Ïóáëèêàöèÿ: cxem.net
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Àâòîìîáèëü. Ýëåêòðîííûé âïðûñê òîïëèâà
×èòàéòå è ïèøèòå ïîëåçíûå êîììåíòàðèè ê ýòîé ñòàòüå.
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Ïîñëåäíèå íîâîñòè íàóêè è òåõíèêè, íîâèíêè ýëåêòðîíèêè:
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Îìåãà-3 ïîìîãàþò ìîëîäûì êîðàëëàì âûæèâàòü
11.11.2025
Ñîõðàíåíèå êîðàëëîâûõ ðèôîâ ñòàíîâèòñÿ âñå áîëåå àêòóàëüíîé çàäà÷åé â óñëîâèÿõ ãëîáàëüíîãî èçìåíåíèÿ êëèìàòà. Ìîëîäûå êîðàëëû îñîáåííî óÿçâèìû íà ðàííèõ ñòàäèÿõ ðàçâèòèÿ, êîãäà ñòðåññîâûå óñëîâèÿ è íåõâàòêà ïèòàòåëüíûõ âåùåñòâ ìîãóò ïðèâåñòè ê âûñîêîé ñìåðòíîñòè. Íåäàâíåå èññëåäîâàíèå ó÷åíûõ èç Òåõíîëîãè÷åñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà Ñèäíåÿ ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî ñïåöèàëüíûå ïèùåâûå äîáàâêè ñïîñîáíû ñóùåñòâåííî ïîâûñèòü âûæèâàåìîñòü ëè÷èíîê êîðàëëîâ.
 õîäå ðàáîòû èññëåäîâàòåëè ðàçðàáîòàëè îñîáûé ñîñòàâ "äåòñêîãî ïèòàíèÿ" äëÿ êîðàëëîâûõ ëè÷èíîê.  íåãî âîøëè ìàñëà, áîãàòûå îìåãà-3 æèðíûìè êèñëîòàìè, à òàêæå âàæíûå ñòåðèíû, íåîáõîäèìûå äëÿ ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ êëåòî÷íûõ ìåìáðàí. Ëè÷èíêè, ïîëó÷àâøèå ýòè äîáàâêè, ðàçâèâàëèñü áûñòðåå, ñòàíîâèëèñü êðåï÷å è äåìîíñòðèðîâàëè áîëåå âûñîêóþ óñòîé÷èâîñòü ê ñòðåññîâûì ôàêòîðàì.
Îñîáîå âíèìàíèå ó÷åíûå óäåëèëè ëèïèäàì. Àíàëèç ïîêàçàë, ÷òî ëè÷èíêè àêòèâíî óñâàèâàþò ýòè âåùåñòâà, ÷òî íàïðÿìóþ âëèÿåò íà èõ æèçíåñïîñîáíîñòü. Ñòåðèíû, ñîäåðæàùèåñÿ â êîðìå, ïîâûøàþò óñòîé÷è ...>>
Ñëó÷àéíàÿ íîâîñòü èç Àðõèâà
MAX30102 - äàò÷èê ïóëüñà è ñîäåðæàíèÿ êèñëîðîäà â êðîâè
18.05.2017
Íîâûé äàò÷èê MAX30102 ïîçâîëÿåò ñíèìàòü ôîòîïëåòèçìîãðàììó, ò.å. èçìåðÿòü ñîäåðæàíèå êèñëîðîäà â êðîâè. Íîâûé äàò÷èê ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé èçìåðèòåëüíóþ ÷àñòü ìåäèöèíñêîãî ïðèáîðà-ïóëüñîêèñìåòðà.
MAX30102 ïðåäíàçíà÷åí äëÿ ñîçäàíèÿ ìèíèàòþðíûõ íîñèìûõ ìåäèöèíñêèõ óñòðîéñòâ äëÿ òåëåìåäèöèíû. Äàò÷èê âêëþ÷àåò â ñåáÿ äâà èñòî÷íèêà èçëó÷åíèÿ (èíôðàêðàñíûé è êðàñíûé ñâåòîäèîäû), ôîòî÷óâñòâèòåëüíûé ýëåìåíò, äðàéâåðû ñâåòîäèîäîâ, ÀÖÏ è ñõåìó ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ âûõîäíîãî öèôðîâîãî ñèãíàëà ïî øèíå I2C. ÌÀÕ30102 îòëè÷àåòñÿ óëó÷øåííîé ñõåìîé îáðàáîòêè ïåðâè÷íûõ ñèãíàëîâ äàò÷èêîâ, îíà èìååò íèçêèé óðîâåíü ñîáñòâåííîãî øóìà è ìåíåå ÷óâñòâèòåëåí ê âíåøíåé çàñâåòêå.
MAX30102 ðàáîòàåò îò åäèíîãî èñòî÷íèêà ïèòàíèÿ 1,8 Â, íî äëÿ ïèòàíèÿ èçëó÷àþùèõ äèîäîâ íåîáõîäèìî äîïîëíèòåëüíîå íàïðÿæåíèå 3...5 Â. Ïîòðåáëåíèå â ðåæèìå èçìåðåíèÿ ñîñòàâëÿåò 600 ìêÀ, à â ðåæèìå ñíà ëèøü 0,7 ìêÀ.
Äëÿ îöåíêè ðàáîòû äàò÷èêà è áûñòðîãî ñîçäàíèÿ ïðîòîòèïà èçäåëèÿ ìîæíî âîñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ îòëàäî÷íîé ïëàòîé MAX30102ACCEVKIT#.
Îñîáåííîñòè MAX30102:
Äâà ñâåòîäèîäà ñ ðàçíîé äëèííîé âîëí
Ìèíèàòþðíûé SMD-ìîäóëü 5,6 õ 3,3 õ 1,5 ìì (14 âûâîäîâ)
Âñòðîåííàÿ îïòè÷åñêàÿ ñèñòåìà, îáåñïå÷èâàþùàÿ íàäåæíûé ïðîöåññ èçìåðåíèÿ
Íèçêîå ïîòðåáëåíèå òîêà, îïòèìàëåí äëÿ íîñèìûõ (íàòåëüíûõ) ïðèáîðîâ
Âîçìîæíîñòü áûñòðîãî âûâîäà äàííûõ áëàãîäàðÿ âûñîêîé ÷àñòîòå äèñêðåòèçàöèè
Óñòîé÷èâ ê âèáðàöèÿì ïðè ñíÿòèè ïîêàçàíèé
Îòëè÷íîå ñîîòíîøåíèå ñèãíàë/øóì;
Øèðîêèé òåìïåðàòóðíûé äèàïàçîí -40...85°C.
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Ëåíòà íîâîñòåé íàóêè è òåõíèêè, íîâèíîê ýëåêòðîíèêè
Ðåêîìåíäóåì ñêà÷àòü â íàøåé Áåñïëàòíîé òåõíè÷åñêîé áèáëèîòåêå:
▪ ðàçäåë ñàéòà Àóäèîòåõíèêà
▪ æóðíàëû Funkamateur (ãîäîâûå àðõèâû)
▪ êíèãà Øêàëû è âåðíüåðíûå óñòðîéñòâà. Ëåâàíäîâñêèé Á.À., 1952
▪ ñòàòüÿ Äëÿ ÷åãî ñëóæàò ïîÿñà âåðíîñòè? Ïîäðîáíûé îòâåò
▪ ñòàòüÿ Óïðàâëåíèå îñâåùåíèåì ýëåêòðîìåõàíè÷åñêèì ðåëå âðåìåíè 24 ÷àñà. Ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ ðàäèîýëåêòðîíèêè è ýëåêòðîòåõíèêè
▪ ñòàòüÿ Ñòàêàí íà âåðåâêå. Ñåêðåò ôîêóñà
▪ ñïðàâî÷íèê Ñåðâèñíûå ðåæèìû òåëåâèçîðîâ çàðóáåæíûõ òåëåâèçîðîâ. Êíèãà ¹5
Îñòàâüòå ñâîé êîììåíòàðèé ê ýòîé ñòàòüå:
Ãëàâíàÿ ñòðàíèöà | Áèáëèîòåêà | Ñòàòüè | Êàðòà ñàéòà | Îòçûâû î ñàéòå

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